As-Suhrawardi, Sufi "Light of God" Beheaded
He was one of the great Sufis who loved to travel in pursuit of knowledge and truth. He is the originator of Isyraq's understanding, "Longing for Allah."
In the world of Sufism, there is a known belief called "Isyraq". This understanding believes that Allah is Nurus Samawati wal Ardi (the light of heaven and Earth) as mentioned in the Qur’an surah An-Nur verse 35. From the Light of Allah are born the other lights in the universe and the spiritual world. This understanding is also known as the Illuminative understanding (enlightenment), and is influenced by philosophical notions. Because of that Prof. Dr. Hamka calls it the philosophy of Isyraq.
As-Suhrawardi was the great philosopher who first sparked the notion of Isyraq. There are three Sufis whose names are similar: As-Suhrawardi, Abu An-Najib As-Suhrawardi, and Abu Hafs Syihabuddin As-Suhrawardi Al-Baghdadi, the latter of whom is the author of the book Awarif al-Maarif.
Birth Of Suhrawardi
As-Suhrawardi, whose real name was Abul Futuh Yahya bin Habsyi bin Amrak, was born in Suhrawardi, Zanda, northern Persia, in 549 H/1129 A.D. like Al-Hallaj, he was also killed by the rulers. That is why he was nicknamed Al-Maqtul (the one who was killed).
Suhrawardi was born into a devout family
Suhrawardi was born into a devout family. Like other Sufis or great scholars, since childhood, he also learned the basics of religion, such as the Qur'an and jurisprudence. Also like other Sufis, the record of his life journey is very little known to people. According to Sufi observer Mehdi Amin Razali, Suhrawrdi lived in an era when there was a need to reunite Islamic science by combining various sects. In the midst of that intellectual debate emerged Suhrawrdi's thoughts on Isyraq, which, among other things, believed that philosophical discourse was part of one's spiritual journey.
In the book of Sufi figures, role models, and pious lives, Prof. Dr. H. Ahmadi Isa MA, writes, Suhrawardi is famous as a passionate traveler about seeking knowledge. He taught a number of scholars and experts in various sciences. In Marga Azarbaijan, Central Asia, he studied jurisprudence and philosophy to Sheikh Majduddin Al-Jilli, a famous jurist at the time. In Isfahan, Iran, he studied Mantiq (logic) from Ibn Shlan As-Sawi, author of the book Al-Basair An-Nasiriyah. In addition, he also studied Indian, Persian, and Greek philosophy. According to one of his followers, Suhrawrdi's knowledge was very deep, and he mastered the science of wisdom aka philosophy and jurisprudence. He is also very fluent in expression.
Life of Suhrawardi
As-Suhrawrdi pioneered his Sufi journey since joining the Sufis in his ascetic life. For several years struggling with Sufi teachings, he traveled to visit a number of scholars and experts in Aleppo Damascus, Anatolia, to Azarbaijan. Finally, he traveled to Halb, studying Sufism to the great Sufi As-Syafir Iftikharuddin.
Suhrawardi was also one of the great Sufis who productively recorded his thoughts. His works are considered monumental, among others, Hikmah al-Isyraq. Al-Muqawwamat and Al-Mutaribat, one of the books widely discussed are Hikamh al-Isyraq. Contain various views on Isyraq or Illuminative philosophy. His other works, on average in a thin book, Hikayat An-Nur, Alwah wa Imadiyah. Partaw Nama, Fil I’tikad al-Hukama, Al-Lahamat, Bustan al-Qulub-mostly wrote in Arabic. While his works in Persian are widely praised as beautiful literary works. Other works, among them, Aqil Surkh, Awazi Par-I Jabarail, Al-Qissah Al-Ghurbah al-Gharbiyah, Lugati Muran, Risalah fil Hallah al-Tufuliyyah, Ruzi Ba Jamaah Sufiyan, Safir Simurg and Risalah fi Mikraj.
Suhrawardi's work
There is also Suhrawardi's work. A philosophical treatise, in the form of a translation of Ibn Sina's work, entitled Tayr's treatise and a commentary on Ibn Sina's work in Persian, Isyraf wa Tanbihat. Also, a treatise entitled Risalah fi Haqiqah al-‘Isyq, based on the work of Ibn Sina entitled Risalah fil ‘Isyq. There is also his work that contains prayers, dhikr, wird, entitled Al-Waridat wa Taqdisat.
Many of As-Suhrawardi's views are followed by the Sufis, such as his famous saying, "Everything that pleases you, such as property, furniture, and worldly pleasures, and things like that, lemaprkanlah. If you follow this recipe, your vision will be brightened. ”Another view that is also famous, “When the inner eye is open, the natural eye must be closed, the lips must be locked, and the five natural senses must be silenced. The inner senses should begin to function, so that if it achieves something, it does it with the inner body, if it hears, it hears with the inner ear. ”
One of the events that cannot be separated from Suhrawardi's life is the time of his death. He died on a gallows in a court ceremony held by Sultan Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi, of the Bani Saljuk dynasty-because of his teachings a is considered heretical. In the midst of his fame as a Sufism scholar and scholar, his opinions often provoke controversy. As the views of Al-Hallaj and Junaid Al-Baghdadi, Suhrawardi's opinion is often considered deviant, thus provoking a prolonged polemic.
Trial of Suhrawardi
Before being put on trial, he was summoned by Prince Zahir bin Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi to account for his teachings in an open debate forum attended by theologians and Fuqaha. In the debate, he managed to defend his argument, so that Prince Zahir forgave him, even later became friends with him, but as a result, it provoked jealousy and envy.
So slander and incitement were circulating to Suhrawardi's address. Some even sent a letter to Sultan Saladin warning him about the "Heretical" teachings of Suhrawardi. Unfortunately, the Sultan even ordered his son Prince Zahir to punish Suhrawardi. Zahir immediately held a trial, discussing the punishment for the Sufi, the decision fell: Suhrawardi was sentenced to beheading. That happened in 587 H / 1167 AD when Suhrawardi was 38 years old. Perhaps because he was a victim of political conspiracy, his grave is also unknown.
Death of Suhrawardi
However, precisely because of the punishment, Suhrawardi's name skyrocketed, the community called it Al-Maqtul (the murdered figure). He had indeed been killed, his body had been disposed of, but his brilliant thoughts were still alive today, even throughout the ages.
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